| Timeline |
|---|
| 1054 CE | The Roman and Orthodox Churches split decisively. The Orthodox Church did not accept the papal authority from Rome. Christians in southern Albania were left under the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople and those in the north under the pope in Rome. | |
| 1055 CE | (1055-1250) Expansion of Islam under the Seljuks and Christian responses. | |
| 1059 CE | The reforming popes, following from the acts of Henry III, issue a decree on papal elections which gives the cardinals sole right of appointing new popes. This decree allows papal elections to escape the whims of political leaders. | |
| 1059 CE | Richard of Aversa and his brother-in-law, Robert Guiscard, met with Pope Nicholas II. The Norman chiefs swore allegiance to the Pope in return for papal recognition for their conquests, whereupon Richard was invested as prince of Capua. | |
| 28 Feb 1066 CE | Westminster Abbey opened. | |
| 1070 CE | Possible founding date of the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem by Amalfi merchants. | |
| 1073 CE | Gregory VII initiates a new conception of Church and proposes that the Church is obligated to create "right order in the world," rather than withdraw from it and so seeks to create a papal monarchy with power over the secular state. | |
| 1073 CE | Gregory VII (1073-1085), St. Hildebrand, served as Pope. He was driven from Rome and died in exile. | |
| 1075 CE | The 3rd Cathedral at Santiago de Compostela in Spain was built on the site of the tomb of St. James. There had been a Cathedral on the site since the 9th century. | |
| 1076 CE | Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV. | |
| 1076 CE | Synod of Worms German King Henry IV fires Pope Gregory VII. | |
| 1077 CE | German King Heinrich (Henry) IV petitions Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness. | |
| 1077 CE | Pope Gregory VII pardons German emperor Heinrich (Henry) IV. | |
| 1079 CE | Scholasticism emerges as an attempt to reconcile classical philosophy (primarily Aristotelean) with Christianity. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) contributes to this movement with his great theological work, Sic et Non. | |
| 1079 CE | Peter Abelard (1079-1142), was born in Brittany, and later became a great medieval scholar. | |
| 1084 CE | Anti-pope Clemens crowns German emperor Hendrik (Henry) IV. | |
| 1086 CE | Abbott Dauferio/Desiderius becomes Pope Victor III. | |
| 13 Nov 1093 CE | Battle of Alnwick | |
| Nov 1093 CE | Donald Bane becomes King of Scotland | |
| 1095 CE | Pope Urban II preaches the first Crusade. | |
| 1096 CE | Crusaders massacre Jews of Worm. | |
| c. 1096 CE | The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built in Jerusalem on the traditional site of the burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. | |
| 1096 CE | In France Saint-Eutrope's church was consecrated in the town of Saintes, the ancient capital of the Saintonge. | |
| 1096 CE | (1096-1291) European Christians fought Arab Muslims for control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. | |
| 30 Jun 1097 CE | The Crusaders defeated the Turks at Dorylaeum. | |
| 3 Jun 1098 CE | Christian Crusaders of the First Crusade seized Antioch, Turkey. | |
| 1098 CE | The crusaders of the First Crusade defeat Prince Redwan of Aleppo capturing Antioch and most of Syria, killing the Turkish inhabitants. | |
| 5 Jun 1099 CE | Knights and their families on the First Crusade witnessed an eclipse of the moon and interpreted it as a sign from God that they would recapture Jerusalem. | |
| 8 Jul 1099 CE | In Jerusalem 15,000 starving Christian soldiers marched around barefoot while the Muslim defenders mocked them from the battlements. | |
| 12 Jul 1099 CE | Crusade leaders visited the Mount of Olives where they met a hermit who urged them to assault Jerusalem. | |
| 13 Jul 1099 CE | The Crusaders launched their final assault on Muslims in Jerusalem. | |
| 15 Jul 1099 CE | Jerusalem fell to the crusaders of the First Crusade who slaughtered the Jewish and Muslim inhabitants. | |
| 12 Aug 1099 CE | At the Battle of Ascalon 1,000 Crusaders, led by Godfrey of Bouillon, routed an Egyptian relief column heading for Jerusalem, which had already fallen to the Crusaders. | |
| 1099 CE | Crusaders beat Saracens in Battle of Ascalon | |
| 1099 CE | Crusaders set fire to Mara Syria | |
| 1099 CE | The first Crusaders begins siege of Hosn-el-Akrad Syria. | |
| 1099 CE | After the Crusaders take Jerusalem, they divide their new territories into four principalities. | |
| c. 1100 CE | St. Cono was born in Teggiano in southern Italy. He became a Benedictine monk and went on to perform numerous miracles. His remains were later embedded in a statue in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. | |
| c. 1100 CE | In Spain the town of Santo Domingo de la Calzada was founded by a man known as St. Dominic of the Walkway. | |
| c. 1100 CE | (Between 1100-1200) Shihab el-Din was an anti-Crusader cleric. He was believed to be buried in Nazareth next to the Basilica of the Annunciation. | |
| c. 1100 CE | (Between 1100-1200) In France the Abbot Suger was busy embellishing the abbey of St. Denis. | |
| c. 1100 CE | (Between 1100-1200) The German Stammheim Missal was made. It told stories from Creation to the crucifixion of Christ. In 1997 it was acquired by the J. Paul Getty Museum. | |
| c. 1100 CE | (Between 1100-1200) San Isidro, a Spanish farmer, later became the patron saint of Madrid. | |
| 1104 CE | The carved wooden casket that was with the remains of St Cuthbert was opened and a manuscript copy of the Gospel of St. John written in uncial was found perfectly preserved. | |
| 1107 CE | Enrico Dandolo (1107-1205), ruler of Venice, was born. He was blind and spearheaded the 4th Crusade. He funded an army to capture Constantinople and after the 'rape of Constantinople' pocketed some of the city's riches. | |
| 1110 CE | Crusaders march into Beirut causing a bloodbath. | |
| 1113 CE | Hospital of St. John recognized by papal bull as separate order. | |
| 18 Dec 1118 CE | Afonso the Battler, the Christian King of Aragon captured Saragossa, Spain, a major blow to Muslim Spain. | |
| 1118 CE | Hugh of Payens of Burgundy and Godfrey of Saint Adhemar, a Fleming, with seven other knights were credited with founding the Templars whose headquarters was on or near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. | |
| 1118 CE | Giovanni Caetani elected Pope Gelasius II. | |
| 1119 CE | Guido di Borgogna elected Pope Callistus II. | |
| 1119 CE | The Knights Templar were founded to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land during the second Crusade. | |
| 1122 CE | A compromise is drawn between Pope and the Emperor over the issue of investiture. Prelates accept the emperor as their temporal overlord and are invested with the symbol that recognizes their right to rule. | |
| 1123 CE | The first Latern Council (9th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. | |
| 1128 CE | The Royal High School in Scotland was founded by a group of Edinburgh Friars. | |
| Jan 1129 CE | Council of Troyes recognized the Temple as an order. | |
| 1130 CE | Gregorio de Papareschi elected as Pope Innocent II. | |
| 1130 CE | Jewish Cardinal Pietro Pierleone elected as anti-pope Anacletus II | |
| 1130 CE | The French church at the abbey at Cluny was completed and measured over 400 feet long. | |
| 1138 CE | Anti-Pope Victor IV (Gregorio) overthrows self for Innocentius II. | |
| 20 Apr 1139 CE | The Second Lateran Council (10th ecumenical council) opened in Rome. | |
| 1139 CE | Papal Bull by Pope Innocent II | |
| 1140 CE | Gratian wrote the illuminated 'Decretum,' a standard treatise on canon law in Bologna about this time. He wrote three volumes on the subject which were lavishly illustrated. The three volumes were later published by the Vatican in 1975. | |
| 1142 CE | (1142-1271) In Syria, the Crac des Chevaliers, a Crusader castle, was built by the Knights Hospitalers. | |
| 1144 CE | The Romanesque abbey church of St. Denis, a burial shrine for French saints and kings, is torn down and replaced with Gothic architecture which is characterised by pointed arches, rather than Roman arches, ribbed vaulting and flying buttresses. | |
| 1144 CE | Gherardo Caccianemici elected Pope Lucius II, succeeding Callistus II. | |
| 1144 CE | The Saracens recaptured the crusader's castles along the Palestine coast. | |
| 1145 CE | Bernardo elected Pope Eugene III. | |
| 1147 CE | The beginning of the Second Crusade (1147-1149). | |
| 1148 CE | The Second Crusade. | |
| 1153 CE | Treaty of Konstanz between Frederik I of Germany and Pope Eugene III. | |
| 1154 CE | Sir Thomas Becket was given the high office of Chancellor to the King, Henry II. | |
| 1155 CE | A student of Peter Abelard, Peter Lombard, writes the Book of Sentences which answers fundamental questions of theology with passages from the Bible and various Christian thinkers. | |
| 29 Dec 1170 CE | Thomas Becket, St. Thomas archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in England. | |
| 1170 CE | Domingo de Guzman (1170-1221), a Spanish monk, was born. He founded the Dominicans, also called mendicants, for they abjured great abbeys and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty. | |
| 1172 CE | German monk Theodorich wrote 'Guide to the Holy Land'. | |
| 1173 CE | Pope Alexander III canonizes Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury. | |
| 1179 CE | 3rd Lateran Council (11th ecumenical council) opens in Rome. | |
| 1182 CE | In Constantinople Western Christians were massacred by Muslims. A cardinal was beheaded and 4,000 Western Christians were sold into slavery. | |
| 21 Jan 1189 CE | Philip Augustus of France, Henry II of England and Frederick I of Germany assembled the troops for the Third Crusade. | |
